Kidney Stones
General Information
400,000 hospitalizations annually
Peak 30-50yo
Men:Women 3:1
Caucasians:AA 5:1
Recurrence 15% 3 years, 30% 15 years
Average 9 years between episodes
12% incidence industrialized countries
Composition
Calcium Oxalate 36-70 %
Calcium Phosphate (hydroxyapatite) 6-20 %
Mixed Calcium Oxalate and calcium phosphate 11-31 %
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (struvite) 6-20 %
Uric acid 6-17 %
Cystine 0.5-3 %
Management: General
“The solution is dilution”
8-10 10oz glasses H2O/day (at least 2.5-3 liters per day)
Void > 2.L urine per day (keep clear)
Low animal protein diet
low oxylate diet
Low sodium diet
Increase citrate in diet with medication, or lemons in water
Surgical treatment???